Field trials are vital in herbicide research and development to assess effects on crops and weeds under varied conditions. Traditionally, evaluations rely on manual visual assessments, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and subjective. Automating species and damage identification is challenging due to subtle visual differences, but it can greatly enhance efficiency and consistency. We present an improved segmentation model combining a general-purpose self-supervised visual model with hierarchical inference based on botanical taxonomy. Trained on a multi-year dataset (2018-2020) from Germany and Spain using digital and mobile cameras, the model was tested on digital camera data (year 2023) and drone imagery from the United States, Germany, and Spain (year 2024) to evaluate robustness under domain shift. This cross-device evaluation marks a key step in assessing generalization across platforms of the model. Our model significantly improved species identification (F1-score: 0.52 to 0.85, R-squared: 0.75 to 0.98) and damage classification (F1-score: 0.28 to 0.44, R-squared: 0.71 to 0.87) over prior methods. Under domain shift (drone images), it maintained strong performance with moderate degradation (species: F1-score 0.60, R-squared 0.80; damage: F1-score 0.41, R-squared 0.62), where earlier models failed. These results confirm the model's robustness and real-world applicability. It is now deployed in BASF's phenotyping pipeline, enabling large-scale, automated crop and weed monitoring across diverse geographies.

Wild salmon are essential to the ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the North Pacific Rim. Y et climate variability, habitat loss, and data limitations in remote ecosystems that lack basic infrastructure support pose significant challenges to effective fisheries management. This project explores the integration of multimodal foundation AI and expert-in-the-loop frameworks to enhance wild salmon monitoring and sustainable fisheries management in Indigenous rivers across Pacific Northwest. By leveraging video and sonar-based monitoring, we develop AI-powered tools for automated species identification, counting, and length measurement, reducing manual effort, expediting delivery of results, and improving decision-making accuracy. Expert validation and active learning frameworks ensure ecological relevance while reducing annotation burdens. To address unique technical and societal challenges, we bring together a cross-domain, interdisciplinary team of university researchers, fisheries biologists, Indigenous stewardship practitioners, government agencies, and conservation organizations. Through these collaborations, our research fosters ethical AI co-development, open data sharing, and culturally informed fisheries management.

Hornbills, an iconic species of Malaysia's biodiversity, face threats from habitat loss, poaching, and environmental changes, necessitating accurate and real - time population monitoring that is traditionally challenging and resource intensive. The emergence of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) offers a chance to transform wildlife monitoring by enabling efficient, real - time data analysis directly on edge devices. Addressing the challenge of wildlife conservation, this research paper explores the pivotal role of machine learning, specifically TinyML, in the classification and monitoring of hornbill calls in Malaysia. Leveraging audio data from the Xeno - canto database, the study aims to develop a speech recognition system capable of identifying and classifying hornbill vocalizations. The proposed methodology involves preprocessing the audio data, extracting features using Mel - Frequency Energy (MFE), and deploying the model on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE, which is adept at edge computing. The research encompasses foundational work, including a comprehensive introduction, literature review, and methodology. The model is trained using Edge Impulse and validated through real - world tests, achieving high accuracy in hornbill species identification. The project underscores the potential of TinyML for environmental monitoring and its broader application in ecological conservation efforts, contributing to both the field of TinyML and wildlife conservation.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition which requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. Traditional microbiological methods are time-consuming and expensive. In response to these challenges, deep learning algorithms were developed to identify 14 bacteria species and 3 yeast-like fungi from microscopic images of Gram-stained smears of positive blood samples from sepsis patients. A total of 16,637 Gram-stained microscopic images were used in the study. The analysis used the Cellpose 3 model for segmentation and Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning for classification. Our model achieved an accuracy of 77.15% for bacteria and 71.39% for fungi, with ROC AUC of 0.97 and 0.88, respectively. The highest values, reaching up to 96.2%, were obtained for Cutibacterium acnes, Enterococcus faecium, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Nakaseomyces glabratus. Classification difficulties were observed in closely related species, such as Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, due to morphological similarity, and within Candida albicans due to high morphotic diversity. The study confirms the potential of our model for microbial classification, but it also indicates the need for further optimisation and expansion of the training data set. In the future, this technology could support microbial diagnosis, reducing diagnostic time and improving the effectiveness of sepsis treatment due to its simplicity and accessibility. Part of the results presented in this publication was covered by a patent application at the European Patent Office EP24461637.1 "A computer implemented method for identifying a microorganism in a blood and a data processing system therefor".

The precise identification of tree species is fundamental to forestry, conservation, and environmental monitoring. Though many studies have demonstrated that high accuracy can be achieved using bark-based species classification, these models often function as "black boxes", limiting interpretability, trust, and adoption in critical forestry applications. Attribution-based Explainable AI (XAI) methods have been used to address this issue in related works. However, XAI applications are often dependent on local features (such as a head shape or paw in animal applications) and cannot describe global visual features (such as ruggedness or smoothness) that are present in texture-dominant images such as tree bark. Concept-based XAI methods, on the other hand, offer explanations based on global visual features with concepts, but they tend to require large overhead in building external concept image datasets and the concepts can be vague and subjective without good means of precise quantification. To address these challenges, we propose a lightweight post-hoc method to interpret visual models for tree species classification using operators and quantifiable concepts. Our approach eliminates computational overhead, enables the quantification of complex concepts, and evaluates both concept importance and the model's reasoning process. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first study to explain bark vision models in terms of global visual features with concepts. Using a human-annotated dataset as ground truth, our experiments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms TCAV and Llama3.2 in concept importance ranking based on Kendall's Tau, highlighting its superior alignment with human perceptions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is not a panacea for effortlessly solving the planet's environmental problems. AI still sparks passionate and dystopian predictions within some parts of the academic community, especially in the natural sciences. For some, the existence of AI tools means an existential threat to human creativity.10 Concerns about the increasing environmental costs of carbon emissions1 and water use demanded by information and communication technologies are also on the horizon. These viewpoints, however, overlook the advantages of employing AI in biodiversity research.

Camera traps offer enormous new opportunities in ecological studies, but current automated image analysis methods often lack the contextual richness needed to support impactful conservation outcomes. Here we present an integrated approach that combines deep learning-based vision and language models to improve ecological reporting using data from camera traps. We introduce a two-stage system: YOLOv10-X to localise and classify species (mammals and birds) within images, and a Phi-3.5-vision-instruct model to read YOLOv10-X binding box labels to identify species, overcoming its limitation with hard to classify objects in images. Additionally, Phi-3.5 detects broader variables, such as vegetation type, and time of day, providing rich ecological and environmental context to YOLO's species detection output. When combined, this output is processed by the model's natural language system to answer complex queries, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is employed to enrich responses with external information, like species weight and IUCN status (information that cannot be obtained through direct visual analysis). This information is used to automatically generate structured reports, providing biodiversity stakeholders with deeper insights into, for example, species abundance, distribution, animal behaviour, and habitat selection. Our approach delivers contextually rich narratives that aid in wildlife management decisions. By providing contextually rich insights, our approach not only reduces manual effort but also supports timely decision-making in conservation, potentially shifting efforts from reactive to proactive management.

In this study, we tackle the challenge of identifying plant species from ultra high resolution (UHR) remote sensing images. Our approach involves introducing an RGB remote sensing dataset, characterized by millimeter-level spatial resolution, meticulously curated through several field expeditions across a mountainous region in France covering various landscapes. The task of plant species identification is framed as a semantic segmentation problem for its practical and efficient implementation across vast geographical areas. However, when dealing with segmentation masks, we confront instances where distinguishing boundaries between plant species and their background is challenging. We tackle this issue by introducing a fuzzy loss within the segmentation model. Instead of utilizing one-hot encoded ground truth (GT), our model incorporates Gaussian filter refined GT, introducing stochasticity during training. First experimental results obtained on both our UHR dataset and a public dataset are presented, showing the relevance of the proposed methodology, as well as the need for future improvement.

Prior work on plant species classification predominantly focuses on building models from isolated plant attributes. Hence, there is a need for tools that can assist in species identification in the natural world. We present a novel and robust two-fold approach capable of identifying trees in a real-world natural setting. Further, we leverage unlabelled data through deep semi-supervised learning and demonstrate superior performance to supervised learning. Our single-GPU implementation for feature recognition uses minimal annotated data and achieves accuracies of 93.96% and 93.11% for leaves and bark, respectively. Further, we extract feature-specific datasets of 50 species by employing this technique. Finally, our semi-supervised species classification method attains 94.04% top-5 accuracy for leaves and 83.04% top-5 accuracy for bark.

The accelerating pace of global change is driving a biodiversity extinction crisis ([ 1 ][1]) and is outstripping our ability to track, monitor, and understand ecosystems, which is traditionally the job of ecologists. Ecological research is an intensive, field-based enterprise that relies on the skills of trained observers. This process is both time-consuming and expensive, thus limiting the resolution and extent of our knowledge of the natural world. Although technology will never replace the intuition and breadth of skills of the experienced naturalist ([ 2 ][2]), ecologists cannot ignore the potential to greatly expand the scale of our studies through automation. The capacity to automate biodiversity sampling is being driven by three ongoing technological developments: the commoditization of small, low-power computing devices; advances in wireless communications; and an explosion in automated data-recognition algorithms in the field of machine learning. Automated data collection and machine learning are set to revolutionize in situ studies of natural systems. Automation has swept across all human endeavors over recent decades, and science is no exception. The extent of ecological observation has traditionally been limited by the costs of manual data collection. We envision a future in which data from field studies are augmented with continuous, fine-scale, remotely sensed data recording the presence, behavior, and other properties of individual organisms. As automation drives down costs of these networks, there will not be a simple expansion of the quantity of data. Rather, the potential high resolution and broad extent of these data will lead to qualitatively new findings and will result in new discoveries about the natural world that will enable ecologists to better predict and manage changing ecosystems ([ 3 ][3]). This will be especially true as different types of sensing networks, including mobile elements such as drones, are connected together to provide a rich, multidimensional view of nature. Given the role that biodiversity plays in lending resilience to the ecosystems on which humans depend ([ 4 ][4]), monitoring the distribution and abundance of species along with climate and other variables is a critical need in developing ecological hypotheses and for adapting to emerging global challenges. Ecosystems are alive with sound and motion that can be captured with audio and video sensors. Rapid advances in audio and video classification algorithms can allow the recognition of species and labeling of complex traits and behaviors, which were traditionally the domain of manual species identification by experts. The major advance has been the discovery of deep convolutional neural networks ([ 5 ][5]). These algorithms extract fundamental aspects of contrast and shape in a manner analogous to how we and other animals recognize objects in our visual field. Applied to audio signals, these neural networks are highly effective at classifying natural and anthropogenic sounds ([ 6 ][6]). A canonical example is the classification of bird songs. Other acoustic examples include insects, amphibians, and disturbance indicators such as chainsaws. Naturally, these algorithms also lend themselves to species identification from images and videos. In cases of animals displaying complex color patterns, individuals may be distinguished, allowing minimally invasive mark recapture, an important tool in population studies and conservation ([ 7 ][7]). Beyond sight and sound, sensors can target a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. Particularly intriguing is the possibility for widespread environmental sensing of biomolecular compounds that could, for example, allow quantification of “DNA-scapes” by means of laboratory-on-a-chip–type sensors ([ 8 ][8]). Several technological trends are shaping the emergence of large-scale sensor networks. One is the ongoing miniaturization of technology, allowing deployment of extended arrays of low-power sensor devices across landscapes [for example, ([ 9 ][9])]. In many cases, these can be solar-powered in remote locations. The widespread availability of computer-on-a-chip devices along with various attached sensors is enabling the construction of large distributed sensing networks at price points that were formerly unattainable. Similarly, the ubiquitous availability of cloud-based computing and storage for back-end processing is facilitating large-scale deployments. Another trend is advancements in wireless communications. For example, the emerging internet of things ([ 10 ][10]) enables low-power devices to establish ad hoc mesh networks that can pass information from node to node, eventually reaching points of aggregation and analysis. The same technology used to connect smart doorbells and lightbulbs can be leveraged to move data across sensor networks distributed across a landscape. These protocols are designed for low power consumption but may not have sufficient bandwidth for all applications. An alternative, although more power hungry, is cellular technology, which has increasing coverage globally. In remote locations, where commercial cellular data services may not be available, researchers can consider a private cellular network for on-site telemetry and satellite uplinks for internet streaming. However, in the near term, telecommunications costs and per-device power requirements may nonetheless prove prohibitive in certain high-bandwidth applications, such as video and audio streaming. An alternative for sites where communications bandwidth is limited by cost, isolation, or power constraints is edge computing ([ 11 ][11]). In this design, computation is moved to the sensing devices themselves, which then transmit filtered or classified results for analysis, greatly reducing transmission requirements. One more trend is the advancement of machine-learning methods ([ 12 ][12]) that can classify and extract patterns from data streams. Much of this technology has been commoditized through intensive development efforts in the technology sector that have resulted in widely available software libraries usable by nonexperts. The aforementioned convolutional neural networks can be coded both to segment data into units and to label these units with appropriate classes. The major bottleneck is in training classifiers because initial training inputs must be labeled manually by experts. Although labeled training sets exist in some domains—most notably, image recognition—future analysts may be able to skip much of the training step as large collections of pretrained networks become available. These pretrained networks can be combined and modified for specific tasks without the requirement of comprehensive training sets. Of particular interest from the standpoint of automation are new developments in continual learning ([ 13 ][13]), in which networks adjust in response to changing inputs. This holds the promise of automating model adaptation for detecting emerging phenomena, such as species shifting their ranges in response to climate change or other shifts in ecosystem properties. Ecologists could leverage these developments to create automated sensing networks at scales previously unimaginable. As an example, consider the North American Breeding Bird Survey, a highly successful citizen-science initiative running since the late 1960s with continental-scale coverage. Expert observers conduct point counts of birds along routes, generating data that have proved invaluable in tracking trends in songbird populations ([ 14 ][14]). Although we hope to see such efforts continue, imagine what could be learned if, instead of sampling these communities once per year, a long-term, continental-scale songbird observatory could be constructed to record and classify bird vocalizations in near–real time along with environmental covariates. Similar networks could use camera traps or video streams to reveal details of diurnal and seasonal variation across diverse floras and faunas. As with all sampling methods, sensing networks will not be without biases in sensitivity and discrimination, yet they hold the extraordinary promise of regional sampling of biodiversity at the organismal scale, something that has proven difficult, for example, by using traditional satellite-based remote sensing. 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[OpenUrl][55][CrossRef][56] Acknowledgments: Our perspective on autonomous sensing was developed with the support of the Stengl-Wyer Endowment and the Office of the Vice President for Research Bridging Barriers programs at the University of Texas at Austin, and the National Science Foundation (BCS-2009669). Comments from members of the Keitt laboratory, Planet Texas 2050, A. Wolf, and M. Abelson were invaluable in refining our ideas. 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